Java第三次作业——面向对象基础(封装)
(一)学习总结
1.什么是面向对象的封装性,Java中是如何实现封装性的?试举例说明。
封装性就是指对外部不可见,用对象直接访问类中的属性,在面向对象法则中是不允许的。
属性封装:private 属性类型 属性名称;
方法封装:private 方法返回值 方法名称(参数列表){}
举例:
class Days{private int nian;private int yue;private int ri;public Days(){ }public Days(int nian,int yue,int ri){ this.nian=nian; this.yue=yue; this.ri=ri;}public String toString(){ return this.nian+"-"+this.yue+"-"+this.ri;}public int getNian(){ return nian;}public void setNian(int nian){ this.nian=nian;}public int getYue(){ return yue;}public void setYue(int yue){ this.yue=yue;}public int getRi(){ return ri;}public void setRi(int ri){ this.ri=ri;}}public class Test { public static void main(String args[]){ Days tian=new Days(1997,10,30);System.out.println("时间:"+tian.toString()); }}
2.阅读下面程序,分析是否能编译通过?如果不能,说明原因。
(1)
class A{private int secret = 5;}public class Test{public static void main(String args[]){ A a = new A(); System.out.println(a.secret++);}}
不能编译通过,A.secret不可视,应修改为:
class A{private int secret = 5;public int getSecret() { return secret;}public void setSecret(int secret) { this.secret = secret;}}public class Test{public static void main(String args[]){ A a = new A(); System.out.println(a.getSecret());}}
(2)
public class Test{int x = 50;static int y = 200;public static void method(){ System.out.println(x+y);}public static void main(String args[]){ Test.method();}}
不能编译通过,不能对非静态字段 x 进行静态引用,应修改为:
public class Test{static int x = 50;static int y = 200;public static void method(){ System.out.println(x+y);}public static void main(String args[]){ Test.method();}}
3 . 使用类的静态变量和构造方法,可以跟踪某个类创建的对象个数。声明一个图书类,数据成员为编号,书名,书价,并拥有静态数据成员册数记录图书的总数。图书编号从1000开始,每产生一个对象,则编号自动递增(利用静态变量和构造方法实现)。下面给出了测试类代码和Book类的部分代码,将代码补充完整。
class Book{ int bookId; String bookName; double price; private static int sum; private static int zui; static{ sum=0; zui=1000; } public Book(){}public Book(String bookName,double price){ this.bookName=bookName; this.price=price; bookId=zui; inHE(); inU();}public int getBookId() { return bookId;}public void setBookId(int bookId) { this.bookId = bookId;} public String getBookName() { return bookName;}public void setBookName(String bookName) { this.bookName = bookName;}public double getPrice() { return price;}public void setPrice(double price) { this.price = price;} static void inU(){ sum++;}static void inHE(){ zui++;}public static int totalBook(){ return zui-1000;}public String toString(){ return "书号"+this.getBookId()+"书名"+this.getBookName()+"价格"+this.getPrice();}} public class Test{public static void main(String args[]){ Book[] books = {new Book("c语言程序设计",29.3), new Book("数据库原理",30), new Book("Java学习笔记",68)}; System.out.println("图书总数为:"+ Book.totalBook()); for(Book book:books){ System.out.println(book.toString()); } } }
4.什么是单例设计模式?它具有什么特点?用单例设计模式设计一个太阳类Sun。
单例模式确保一个类只有一个实例,自行提供这个实例并向整个系统提供这个实例。
优点:
1,一个类只能有一个实例
2,自己创建这个实例
3,整个系统都要使用这个实例
5.理解Java参数传递机制,阅读下面的程序,运行结果是什么?说明理由。
public class Test {String str = new String("你好 ");char[] ch = { 'w','o','l','l','d' };public static void main(String args[]) { Test test = new Test(); test.change(test.str, test.ch); System.out.print(test.str); System.out.print(test.ch);}public void change(String str, char ch[]) { str = "hello"; ch[0] = 'W';}}
运行结果为:你好 Wolld
按地址传递 并将地址为0的字母大写,java只支持参数传值的机制, 即方法得到的是所有参数值的一个副本,方法不能修改传递给它的任何参数变量的内容。change调用的是str的副本,不能改变str的内容。
6.其他需要总结的内容。
(二)实验总结
1.按照下列要求完成类的设计
(1)设计一个日期类,用于记录年、月、日,提供对日期处理的常用方法(日期输出格式xxxx-xx-xx)。
(2)设计一个职工类,该职工类至少具有下面的属性:职工号,姓名,性别,生日,工作部门,参加工作时间,设计相应的方法。
(3)设计一个部门类,包括下列属性:部门编号,部门名称,经理,设计相应方法。
(4)设计一个测试类,采用对象数组模拟一个拥有两个部门,10个职工的单位,实现对相关信息的查询功能。
程序
package 部门员工;class Days{private int nian;private int yue;private int ri;public Days(){ }public Days(int nian,int yue,int ri){ this.nian=nian; this.yue=yue; this.ri=ri;}public String toString(){ return this.nian+"-"+this.yue+"-"+this.ri;}public int getNian(){ return nian;}public void setNian(int nian){ this.nian=nian;}public int getYue(){ return yue;}public void setYue(int yue){ this.yue=yue;}public int getRi(){ return ri;}public void setRi(int ri){ this.ri=ri;}}class Zhi{private String num;private String ming;private String sex;private Days datatime;private int time;private Bumen gongzuo;public Zhi(){ }public Zhi(String num,String ming,String sex,Days datatime,int time,Bumen gongzuo){ this.num=num; this.ming=ming; this.setSex(sex); this.setTime(time); this.datatime=datatime; this.gongzuo=gongzuo;}public String getNum(){ return num;}public void setNum(String num){ this.num=num;}public String getMing(){ return ming;}public void setMing(String ming){ this.ming=ming;}public String getSex(){ return sex;}public void setSex(String sex){ this.sex=sex;}public Days getDatatime(){ return datatime;}public void setDatatime(Days datatime){ this.datatime=datatime;}public Bumen getGongzuo(){ return gongzuo;}public void setGongzuo(Bumen gongzuo){ this.gongzuo=gongzuo;}public int getTime(){ return time;}public void setTime(int time){ this.time=time;}public String toString(){ return "员工编号:"+this.getNum()+" 姓名:"+this.getMing() +" 性别:"+this.getSex()+" 参加工作时间:"+this.getTime() +" 生日:"+this.datatime+" 所在部门:"+this.gongzuo.getCheng() ;}}class Bumen{private String ber;private String cheng;private Zhi jingli;public Bumen(){ }public Bumen(String ber,String cheng){ this.ber=ber; this.cheng=cheng; }public String getBer(){ return ber;}public void setBer(String ber){ this.ber=ber;}public String getCheng(){ return cheng;}public void setCheng(String cheng){ this.cheng=cheng;}public Zhi getJingli(){ return jingli;}public void setJingli(Zhi jingli){ this.jingli=jingli;}}public class Test {public static void main(String args[]){ Bumen lai1=new Bumen("01","校外部"); Bumen lai2=new Bumen("02","办公室"); Zhi ren[] = new Zhi[10]; ren[0]=new Zhi("001","和乔伊","女",new Days(1997,10,30),2015,lai1); ren[1]=new Zhi("002","赵绿","男",new Days(1995,03,29),2013,lai1); ren[2]=new Zhi("003","赵黑","男",new Days(1992,05,30),2015,lai2); ren[3]=new Zhi("004","任秀兴","男",new Days(2000,07,12),2011,lai2); ren[4]=new Zhi("005","张莹光","女",new Days(1996,02,26),2012,lai1); ren[5]=new Zhi("006","焦梦浩","男",new Days(1997,03,30),2014,lai2); ren[6]=new Zhi("007","陈树仁","女",new Days(1998,03,30),2009,lai1); ren[7]=new Zhi("008","刘玉","女",new Days(1992,05,02),2007,lai2); ren[8]=new Zhi("009","程菲菲","女",new Days(1993,03,16),2003,lai1); ren[9]=new Zhi("010","范一厚","男",new Days(1994,03,25),2011,lai2); lai1.setJingli(ren[0]); lai2.setJingli(ren[3]); for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ System.out.println(ren[i].toString()+" 经理 ;"+ren[i].getGongzuo().getJingli().getMing()); }}}
程序设计思路:构造日期类,职工类,部门类,相互交叉使用。
问题:测试类写的繁琐
原因:没有真正理解构造类
解决方案:认真翻阅课本,查阅资料
2.设计一个计算工具类,要求:
(1)为用户提供几个常见的几何体面积和体积的算法(如球的体积和表面积,圆柱体的体积和表面积,圆锥体的体积和表面积)(可以学习使用static关键字)
(2)设计一个测试类,给出几个不同的圆柱体,圆锥体,球体的尺寸,用计算工具类分别求它们体积的累加和与表面积的累加和。
(3)设计一个测试类,随机产生球,圆柱、圆锥体的尺寸,模拟考试,要求用户回答它们的体积和面积,并判断用户的回答是否正确
程序
class Yuanzhu{private double a;private double b;private double v;private double s;public Yuanzhu(){ }public Yuanzhu(double a,double b){ this.a=a; this.b=b; this.v=3.14*a*a*b; this.s=3.14*a*a*2+a*2*3.14*b;}public String toString(){ return "半径"+this.a+" 高"+this.b+" 体积"+this.v+" 表面积"+this.s;}public double getA(){ return a;}public void setA(double a){ this.a=a;}public double getB(){ return b;}public void setB(double b){ this.b=b;}public double getV(){ return v;}public void setV(double v){ this.v=3.14*a*a*b;}public double getS(){ return s;}public void setS(double s){ this.s=3.14*a*a*2+a*2*3.14*b;}}class Qiu{private double c;private double v;private double s;public Qiu(){ }public Qiu(double c){ this.c=c; this.v=3.14*c*c*c*4/3; this.s=3.14*4*c*c;}public String toString(){ return "半径"+this.c+" 体积"+this.v+" 表面积"+this.s;}public double getC(){ return c;}public void setC(double c){ this.c=c;}public double getV(){ return v;}public void setV(double v){ this.v=3.14*c*c*c*4/3;}public double getS(){ return s;}public void setS(double s){ this.s=3.14*4*c*c;}}class Yuanzhui{private double m;private double n;private double r;private double l;private double h;private double v;private double s;public Yuanzhui(){ }public Yuanzhui(double n,double m,double r){ this.n=n; this.m=m; this.r=r; this.l=(m*m)-(r*r); this.h=java.lang.Math.sqrt(l); this.s=(n/360)*m*m*3.14+3.14*r*r; this.v=3.14*r*r*h*1/3;}public String toString(){ return "底面半径"+this.r+" 母线"+this.m+" 角度"+this.n+" 体积"+this.v+" 表面积"+this.s;}public double getN(){ return n;}public void setN(double n){ this.n=n;}public double getM(){ return m;}public void setM(double m){ this.m=m;}public double getR(){ return r;}public void setR(double r){ this.r=r;}public double getL(){ return l;}public void setL(double l){ this.l=l;}public double getH(){ return h;}public void setH(double h){ this.h=h;}public double getV(){ return v;}public void setV(double v){ this.v=1/3*3.14*r*r*h;}public double getS(){ return s;}public void setS(double s){ this.s=(n/360)*m*m*3.14+3.14*r*r;}}public class Test { public static void main(String args[]){ Yuanzhu p1=new Yuanzhu(1,2); Yuanzhu p2=new Yuanzhu(3,2); System.out.println(p1.toString()); Qiu q=new Qiu(3); System.out.println(q.toString()); Yuanzhui o=new Yuanzhui(60,5,3); System.out.println(o.toString()); double f=0; f=p1.getV()+p2.getV(); System.out.println("体积之和为:"+f); double w=0; w=p1.getV()+q.getV()+o.getV(); System.out.println("体积之和为:"+w); double u=0; u=p1.getS()+q.getS()+o.getS(); System.out.println("表面积之和为:"+u); }}import java.util.Random;import java.util.Scanner;public class Test2 {public static void main(String args[]){ int a,b,c; Scanner input=new Scanner(System.in); Random rand = new Random(); a=rand.nextInt(10); b=rand.nextInt(10); c=rand.nextInt(360); Yuanzhu p=new Yuanzhu(a,b); System.out.println("圆柱半径:"+a+" 高:"+b); System.out.println("请求出表面积:"); int num1 = input.nextInt(); if(num1==p.getS()){ System.out.println("回答正确!"); }else{ System.out.println("回答错误!"); } System.out.println("请求体积:"); int num2= input.nextInt(); if(num2==p.getV()){ System.out.println("回答正确!"); }else{ System.out.println("回答错误!"); } Qiu q=new Qiu(a); System.out.println("球半径:"+a); System.out.println("请求出表面积:"); int num3 = input.nextInt(); if(num3==q.getS()){ System.out.println("回答正确!"); }else{ System.out.println("回答错误!"); } System.out.println("请求体积:"); int num4= input.nextInt(); if(num4==q.getV()){ System.out.println("回答正确!"); }else{ System.out.println("回答错误!"); } Yuanzhui o=new Yuanzhui(c,a,b); System.out.println("底面半径"+a+" 母线"+b+" 角度"+c); System.out.println("请求出表面积:"); int num5 = input.nextInt(); if(num5==o.getS()){ System.out.println("回答正确!"); }else{ System.out.println("回答错误!"); } System.out.println("请求体积:"); int num6= input.nextInt(); if(num6==o.getV()){ System.out.println("回答正确!"); }else{ System.out.println("回答错误!"); }}}
程序设计思路:构造圆柱类,球类和圆锥类,在测试类里利用了随机数函数和输入函数,进行计算数值。